Raymond Johnson Chapman (January 15, 1891 – August 17, 1920) was an American baseball player, spending his entire career as a shortstop for Cleveland.Chapman was hit in the head by a pitch thrown by Yankees pitcher Carl Mays, and died 12 hours later. He remains the only Major League Baseball player to have died from an injury received at a major league baseball game. His death led to Major League Baseball establishing a rule requiring umpires to replace the ball whenever it became dirty, and it was partially the reason the spitball was banned after the 1920 season. Chapman's death was also one of the examples used to emphasize the need for wearing batting helmets (although the rule was not adopted until over 30 years later).
He enlisted in the United States Marines at age 16 and served in World War II. After the war, he served as a law enforcement officer.
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Founded the Chapman Academy of Practical Shooting in Columbia, Missouri after taking an early retirement as an engineer. Is currently (2004) the academy's president.
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