Gary Robinson is an American software engineer and inventor notable for his mathematical algorithms to fight spam. In addition, he patented a method to use web browser cookies to track consumers across different web sites, allowing marketers to better match advertisements with consumers. The patent was bought by DoubleClick, and then DoubleClick was bought by Google.In 2003, Robinson published an article in Linux Journal which discussed mathematical approaches for fighting spam which led to work along with Tim Peters on the SpamBayes project which began in 2002. The SpamBayes approach was notable because it assigned scores to both spam and ham (useful emails) and used an algorithm to guess intelligently whether an incoming email was spam; the scoring system enabled the program to return a value of unsure if both the spam and ham scores were high. His mathematical approaches were also used in projects such as SpamAssassin. SpamAssassin combined a Bayesian statistical approach using a text-classifier rule-based approach to whittle down spam. Spamming is the abuse of electronic messaging systems to send unsolicited, undesired bulk messages, according to David Anderson, who quoted Robinson's approaches in 2006. Robinson commented in Linux Journal on how fighting spam was a collaborative effort:The approach described here truly has been a distributed effort in the best open-source tradition. Paul Graham, an author of books on Lisp, suggested an approach to filtering spam in his on-line article, “A Plan for Spam”. I took his approach for generating probabilities associated with words, altered it slightly and proposed a Bayesian calculation for dealing with words that hadn't appeared very often … an approach based on the chi-square distribution for combining the individual word probabilities into a combined probability (actually a pair of probabilities—see below) representing an e-mail. Finally, Tim Peters of the Spambayes Project proposed a way of generating a particularly useful spamminess indicator based on the combined probabilities. All along the way the work was guided by ongoing testing of embodiments written in Python by Tim Peters for Spambayes and in C by Greg Louis of the Bogofilter Project. The testing was done by a number of people involved with those projects. — Gary Robinson, 2003.In 1996, Robinson patented a method to help marketers focus their online advertisements to consumers. He explained:As far as I have been able to tell, it's the very first patent ... to mention using web browser cookies to track consumers across different web sites and build a profile of their interests in order to determine what ads to show them ... There was an aspect in the way browser cookies were implemented that allowed them to be used ... I hired programmers to do the programming to actually test it ... the hypothesis turned out to be correct.In 2010, Robinson was the chief technology officer at FlyFi, an online music service owned by Maine-based Emerge